1. It's so difficult to criminalize someone's action, if such action doesn't cause any harm to anyone or if someone doing a lot of critical charity works. The explosion of disorder and discontentment took some in the media and policing community by surprise, but these evens could only be surprising to someone lacking. Since the year 1973, violent crime. Identifying trends and patterns helps law enforcement administrators and public officials to direct resources, Part 1: Crime Analysis ReportAggravated battery is a major problem globally. If the analyst waits for the . might provide some more clues to the rate/placement of the burglaries. In its most basic form, crime mapping is the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) to visualize and organize spatial data for more formal statistical analysis. The author of this report is to compare and contrast two different areas from a crime rate standpoint. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-008-9065-1. Retrieved April 10, 2014, from http://www.fbi.gov. Technology used in crime analysis Retrieved from: http://www.popcenter.org/library/reading/PDFs/60steps.pdf, Crime in America.net (2011, Feb 22). For example, Lawrence Sherman . Criminal Analysis Charts. The approach taken. "Proposed Solutions to the Organized Crime Problem in Russia." Personal annual income Retrieved February 3, 2013, from http://www.issafrica.org/crimehub/uploads/Manual_on_Victimization_surveys_2009_web.pdf, Maxfield, M.G., & Babbie, E.R. Offenders: Alex and Derek King (12 and 13 when they killed their father) His mother was passive. It is also a commonly identified pitfall in the course of the sponsoring audits. Some of the data collected in police departments are not relevant for crime analysis, so subsets of information are compiled for analysis purposes. In conclusion, the importance of crime analysis lies in the fact that information and intelligence about crime enables the law enforcement authorities to conduct a comprehensive crime combating program and develop suitable policies for crime prevention. At the Nexus of Cybersecurity and Public Policy: Some Basic Concepts and Issues. The same deed can be regarded, Crime of Conspiracy In the United States and the UK, many cases that have been formally unsolved have now been solved based on the great assistance of the forensic science investigators. Council of Europe / Organised crime Crime analysis Best Practice Survey No 4 . The author of this report has been asked to revisit the case of Stu Dents and the litany of crimes he is alleged to have committed, Criminal Minds My People. While the use of these sources helps in dealing with crime in the United States, they have some similarities and differences between them with regards to methodological, Addington, L.A. (2008, February). One basic premise of the, crime doesn't pay sometimes is a whole point which can't be applicable, especially when you're trusted with the management of multi-billion dollar corporation, and to be in charge of, Race, Class & Crime (Pyramic Cyber, 2012) Such service providers would provide for the commissioning of equipments and tools as specified, ASCLD/LAB-International (2010) "Program Overview" Retrieved 14 November, 2012 from http://www.ascld-lab.org/documents/AL-PD-3041.pdf, CSTL. "Labeling theory of crime." New York: Oxford University Press. The tutorial will work through practical examples showing you how to conduct crime analysis using R. Introduction Objectives. When the relationship of dopamine to the reward was recognized it was thought to be the major cause of addiction but when further researches were carried out, they showed that there were some other factors involved in the addiction as well. Beaverton seems poised and able to effectively combat such violent crimes in a way that leaves other cities far behind. For all of the crimes listed, there will be an associated state that Stu will be charged within. This involves taking any material like blood, sweat, saliva or even chunks of flesh from the crime scene and subjected to the DNA profiling process and if the VNT (variable number Tandem repeats), which are unique to each individual, are found to be matching to that which is in the database, it is a lead to the possibility of the person having committed the crime or being present at the scene (Shanna Freeman, 2012). The case of Richard M. crushy can be described as one of the most important scenario which can acts as one of the success stories, showing how far most of these business ethnical values can be abused to hurt everyone for a period of time. More so, this caused the United States to question itself, whether it actually was the, Craven. Program expectations must be realistic. Compiled below are various resources that may be helpful to your agency as you are working toward your crime analysis capacity goals. 0000020044 00000 n Extra law enforcement officers are not necessary and might actually be a burden in the community of Beaverton, Oregon. Crime Analysis is typically implemented by law enforcement agencies that want to use data-driven strategies to reduce crime and improve police operations. The ed Guards carried out Mao Zedong's harassment of China's middle class during his rule in China. When reviewing these incident summaries, the type of analysis being conducted is tactical crime analysis whose main focus is to promote the short-term development of patrol, investigative priorities,, Strategic, Tactical, and Administrative Crime Analysis ), Public Attitudes to Sentencing. (n.d.) Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers in 60 Small Steps. 0000020780 00000 n False. 0000003455 00000 n (2011). Many people using illicit and illegal drugs often have no impulse control and may turn violent or to another form of crime. The reports and forms for use in each step of information-gathering and analysis are explained and illustrated. (1989). On September 20, 1994, the alleged ringleader was sentenced to 21 years in prison for fraud, conspiracy, racketeering, and money laundering. It can take any form, and range in violence, which is what, perhaps, adds to the danger aspect. Overall System Design Zero tolerance Policing Each of these components makes up a "side" in the Crime Prevention Triangle, and if you take away any one of the three, a crime cannot occur: This is good news because if this theory holds . The primary purpose of crime analysis is to determine trends or patterns. Analysis, New York. Their record is less stellar in the area of non-violent crimes, however. The knowledge is critical whilst dealing with issues or situations that may arise with regards to other employees.. In my perspective, a criminal penalty was essential for this, Crime in Literature Cybercrime is pervasive, widespread, and becoming more intertwined with other elements of the criminal ecosystem. It is an unfortunate fact of modern society that crime and criminal activity are part of our world today. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. Occupation New York: Behrman House. Imperatively, the property crime classification takes into account arson for the reason that the offense consists of the destruction of property. Technology in Crime Analysis This study was intended to provide insights into the attitudes and perceptions about crime in the local area. And Bushway, S.D. Personal concern for crime and public safety As Shaw and others points out, a situation where there are functional links between government and organized crime has parallels in many other regions and countries, particularly in the developing countries of Africa and Asia. 2012. . As was in this case, I think the. Mafia brotherhoods: Organized crime, Italian style. Advancing critical criminology through anthropology. Offender spatial behavior. Twenty Five Techniques of Situational Prevention. Police must know when, where, and how to focus limited resources, as well as how to evaluate the effectiveness of their strategies. Barak, G., 2007. Finckenauer, James O., & Waring, Elin J., (1998). Retrieved from: http://www.crimeinamerica.net/2011/02/22/top-10-factors-contributing-to-violent-crime/, The view, for example, of criminal behavior from a labeling perspective tends to focus on the social and cultural background from which the criminal emerges; and Rational Choice theory stresses individual decision-making and culpability in crime. Gary Leon idgway, the Green iver Killer, is an example of a typical serial killer, and committed a number of murders over a period of time that lasted decades. Retrieved April 23, 2008, at http://www.lib.msu.edu/harris23/crimjust/orgcrime.htm, Ashley, Assistant Director, Criminal Investigative Division of the FI relates that in 1991: "the U.S. Attorney's office in Los Angeles charged 13 defendants in a $1 billion false medical billing scheme that was headed by two Russian emigre brothers. Three specific stories which deal with crime and, Andrews, William L., Frances Smith. McMahon, Patrick. The Crime Analysis solution delivers a set of capabilities to help you manage incident data, conduct tactical and strategic analysis, perform investigative analysis, and share web-based or hard-copy information products with decision makers. (2010). Sanders, Trevor, & oberts, Julian V. (2000). 0000000912 00000 n Retrieved February 11, 2012 from http://www.minddisorders.com/Flu-Inv/Hare-Psychopathy-Checklist.html, Hwakins, (2012). 0000003325 00000 n Electronic Inspiration LLC. Curry, Theodore R., Lee, Gang, & Rodriquez, S. Fernando (2004). Youth in the Media: McKnight Foundation. Computer technology plays a crucial role in the modern crime analysis. U.S. Department of Justice -- Office of Justice Programs -- National Institute of Justice Doc # NCJ 225459 (July 2009). Retrieved: http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/Where%20Do%20We%20Go%20From%20Here.%20Researching%20Hate%20Crime.pdf. 433 0 obj <> endobj Threats: terrorism has become a permanent and global disaster. Covering all aspects of serial crime investigation, the book explores: Major problems and issues within serial crime. Big Circle Boys born of Red Guards: Drugs, loansharking among Asian gang's specialties. Todd, P. & Jonathan, B. However, the method the. Variables Duration of crime TV-watching Moreover, it is possible that after reconfiguring architecture to scale up, scaling back down again can require even more time than the former process, if doing so is even possible. Ottawa, Ont: National Crime Prevention Centre. A comparison of this number to the number of officers in other cities makes it clear why crime is kept so low -- they have one of the highest number of officers per capita of any city in Oregon. Property crime can encompass aspects of burglary, theft, or motor vehicle theft and this also includes attempted as well as completed crimes., Criminology Freud, S. (1961). 83 No. Levinson, D. (2012). The author of this report has been asked to revisit the case of Stu Dents and the litany of crimes he is alleged to have committed against Uma Opee and in general. California Law Review, 98(5), 1463. House of Commons Science and Technology Committee. The purpose of this essay is to explore this case study, and apply the research to the current, Travis, L.F., III. The Difference Between Living and Dying: Victim Characteristics and Motive Among Nonfatal Shootings and Gun Homicides. Time, 22 Feb. 2010. When you deploy this solution in your ArcGIS organization, you also get an ArcGIS Solution item that organizes the key information products and summarizes all the ArcGIS items (applications, forms, projects, maps, feature layers, feature layer views, and so on) included with the solution. Units of Analysis As stated by Jennings (2012) in his book "Business Ethnics Class" unethical practices can only last for a short time, and nothing helpful can be found out of it. While all of these types of crime analysis use data to drive evidence-based decision-making, the data collected will be different for each type, Part 1: Crime Analysis ReportAggravated battery is a major problem globally. Three common soft skills for a crime analyst are empathy, good judgment and . 0000001039 00000 n Crime Dr. Laura Wyckoff is the Crime Analysis Fellow for the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), where she assists in guiding BJA and the field in crime analysis best practices. Crime Analyst Resume Examples Crime Analysts, a.k.a. Retrieved June 7, 2012 from https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2009/data/table_30.html, Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services, (2010). He first set off a bomb in central Oslo and several hours later went on a shooting rampage "at a youth camp at an island near the capital." xref How does crime analysis relate to this practice? More remarkable than the New York Police Department's killing of a young black male, however, was the outpouring of community grief and anger that followed the shooting. The Map Template is simply an example of how a final crime analysis map should appear; the map is in Adobe .pdf format. Markets: Evolving Structures and Processes, edited by Ivar Berg and Arne L. Kalleberg. The. Bronsteen, J., Buccafusco, C., & Masur, J.. (2010). Retrieved 30 November 2015 from:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/julia-craven/please-stop-telling-me-th_b_6223072.html. Crime analysis is one of the most important processes in the fight against crime and efforts towards enhancing the effectiveness of the criminal justice system in dealing with crime. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Natural Law Theories. Our Dirty Little Secret is No More. (National esearch Council, 2009). Where do we go from here? There are several elements that could be useful to this map that are not included. Natural crime is something which is not written; it is determined by the society you live in and most. Therefore, the evaluation of the record's adequacy was altered when availability was not a factor. These different elements are important, because the combination of them is helping us to understand the total impact of crime and punishment on the economy. Last accessed 9 Mar 2015. She notes that "the attitude develops slowly as the other factors of iconic status and high levels of success consume the individual right up to a feeling of invincibility" (p. 17). 0000000656 00000 n Growing up wasn't easy. See. Crime It is estimated that the population of South Africa is 49.9 million people of whom the black Africans make up the 79.4% of the population and are also divided into various ethnic groups. It is often easier to modify an existing chart than to draw a new one. ussian Mafia in America: Property crime can encompass aspects of burglary, theft, or motor vehicle theft and this also includes attempted as well as completed crimes. The Crime Analysis Product Bank is a collection of Crime Analysis products provided by a number of crime analysts from police agencies across the United States. Provide a brief summary. 7.6% crime analysts have this skill on their resume. Write the body paragraphs. The collection of crime data in the United States is carried out through different approaches including Uniform Crime eports and the National Incident-Based eporting System, which also act as the two primary sources of crime data for crime reporting. The eighteen forcible rapes and thirty robberies that occurred in 2006 show that, though not perfect, Beaverton's a relatively safe city in which to live, especially when compared wit other cities of comparable size. Examples of Crime analysis in a sentence. American Psychological Association, Vol. A comparison of this number to the number of officers in other cities makes it clear why crime is kept so low -- they have one of the highest number of officers per capita of any city in Oregon. In the contemporary society, there are various crimes that are experienced and in response there have been varied crime analysis techniques that have been employed to ensure the crimes are reduced to the minimum possible. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, Vol. Crime Analysis and Investigation Example. Zero-tolerance policing lacks a specific definition; it can be understood in various ways. Bandy, Stephen C. "One of my Babies: The Misfit and the Grandmother." Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Crime analysts may also go on to work in the private sector. (2017). Web. Last accessed 9 Mar, 2015. This expansion has contributed to the development and use of different methods of crime analysis including strategic, tactical, and administrative strategic analysis. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment. Sanders, Trevor, & Roberts, Julian V. (2000). 81, No. "Information on Crime, Crime Statistics, Crime Rates, Violent Crime, Crime News, Crime Prevention." 2009: 143). For example, the Pyramid Company provides turnkey contracts for setting up such Laboratories and Centres. It uses criminal means to support a national and religious ideology. Retrieved February 2, 2013, from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=brRgAYhyhsoC&pg=PA82&dq=NIBRS+limitations&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0R0MUZePBs7Y4QTogoCQAQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=NIBRS%20limitations&f=false, Manual on Victimization Surveys. CrimeStat was developed by Ned Levine & Associates of Houston, Texas, under the . Educational attainment The primary purpose of crime analysis is to determine trends or patterns. For most Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. Within each category, many more specific crimes exist. These must be installed and maintained on turnkey approach. In the empirical-based approach, the analysis of inferences reportedly relies upon the application of general psychological principles to empirically examine an offender's behavior and. Elements of a Crime. Reporting System." Crime analysis, on the other hand, involves the use of various geographical and socio-demographic information, in combination with spatial techniques, to analyze, prevent, and . Print. Control Methods in Data-Storage Systems. Butler, J.M. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen. Sheriffs Hunt for Green River Killer was a Mission. Retrieved 15 Oct 2007. http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/301/301lect12.htm, In the Supreme Court of the United States." Available from, Strategic, Tactical and Administrative Crime Analysis 44 No. The five basic steps in the crime analysis process include the collection, categorization, analysis, dissemination, and evaluation of information. In the Supreme Court of the United States." In my perspective, a criminal penalty was essential for this case. Most of those ethical issues are directly and effectively addressable through specific guidelines and protocols. Ypdcrime.com. Further, Laub and Sampson looked keenly into qualitative narratives' ability to facilitate a more individual-centered life course examination. South Africa's population. The defendant was tried on March 15, 1904 and indicted on November 13, 1904. (2015). In U.S., Two-Thirds Continue to Support Death Penalty. 3, 319-343. Crime Analysis Product Bank (Sage Publishing), which includes a collection of products such as presentations, reports, maps, and patterns from crime analysts from police agencies across the country. As Bruce and Santos (2011) point out, a crime series is a group of similarcrimesthought to be committed by the same individual or group of individuals acting in concert (p. 3). Washington. There will be no restrictions on. 2.7. Only legal crime can be processed/punished by the Criminal Justice System. Crime pattern analysis system. 30 Oct. 2003. The information such as date, time, location, and type of crime is quantitative in that statistics can be used to . The fact that Beaverton keeps it crime rates so low with only one hundred and twenty officers (and twenty-nine civilians) is also a testament to the area's probable affluence. Profile/Socio-demographic Characteristics of the respondent At the same time, the managers enforce the company's policy and procedures. IACA Home. Online Criminology FSU.EDU available at http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/sutherland.html, Eurasian, Italian and Balkan Organized Crime (2003) Testimony of Grant D. Ashley, Assistant Director, Criminal Investigative Division, FBI Before the Subcommittee on European Affairs, Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate. Exploring an adjudicated case can illustrate how the range of criminal investigative analysis services can offer the most benefit during an investigation. Without doubt, African-Americans have made a substantial contribution as to what the United States is as a nation. The recent definition entails non-discretional and strict enforcement of law regardless of the magnitude or circumstances of the crime. Doob, Anthony N. And Julian Roberts 1988 Public punitiveness and public knowledge of the facts: Some Canadian Surveys. 289-301. For example, violent crime includes homicide, aggravated and simple . 3. Strategic, Tactical and Administrative Crime Analysis Talisa Mulligan Unit 2 Project CJ110: Introduction to Crime Analysis Professor Moore June 24, 2011 It is important to make sure that when a crime occurs, all the pieces of evidence are gathered, all the victims and witnesses are questioned separately and as soon as possible while the crime details are still fresh in their minds. In the beginning the main focus of the drug addiction theory was on the habituated pleasure reinforcement as well as the potential of the drug for the reward. Available from, "The Manson Snyder Interviews." The study focused on the 18 to, In a recently-conducted survey, the following 10 metropolitan cities had low to very low crime rates: Scottsdale (AZ), Plano (TX), Virginia Beach (VA), Fremont (CA), Honolulu (HI), San Jose, This is coupled by the high unemployment rate and the current recession in the private industry. In many cases, this saves time, not only for law enforcement officials, but also for the individuals who have been fined, if it is a violation that they have agreed that they have committed. Similarly, crime measurement has the main concern of keeping track of criminal behavior so that, Advantages of Incident-Based Reporting Over Summary Reporting. Internet Journal of Criminology. Thus, the IACA adopts a definition of crime intelligence analysis (discussed in Chapter 4) . Primary units of analysis will be the students and staff members in the Hong Kong University (HKU). Each case study follows a uniform format using Scanning, Analysis, Response and Assessment (SARA), which enables a systematic review of a problem to facilitate well-developed, targeted response(s). Carlsmith, Kevin J., Darley, John M., & obinson, Paul H. (2002). Mahlmann, N. (2007). . Strategic Strategic crime analysis is primarily concerned with operational strategies and seeks solutions to Victims of 1999 hate-crime shooting endorse Mike Feuer. It does not illustrate the required protocol for services to be rendered in every case because this varies . This is a Crime Map of the City of Columbia from communitycrimemap.com used by the Columbia Police Station Every tag is a different type of crime that has been committed. I have also included the discussion regarding the importance of crime measurement in, The table below summarizes the relationship between the variables and measures that will be used for the study: This practice requires an application of scientific knowledge, quantitative, qualitative and empirical skills to collect and analyze data that will assist in presenting evidence in a tribunal or court of law. (2001). Nonetheless, arson victims may be subjected to force. Alanezi, F. (2010). It has come to a reason why Cutie committed the crime, In the information on suspect, . While there is good and bad news for both of those jurisdictions vis-a-vis their crime rates, the trends for both are noticeably different and the underlying reasons for these variations and trends are not hard to surmise about, although it is hard to be definitive due to the complexity of the cities' respective situations and dynamics. She indicated that in HealthSouth's case legal counsel "fits the inaction mold" (p. 45), and "like executives at WorldCom, Enron, and Tyco, executives at HealthSouth, particularly Scrushy, lived lavish lives" (p. 46). Crime is rising in Canada in areas that should be a concern to the general public but part of the seeming significant increase is really only increased media coverage for the purpose of getting ratings. 2, no. Newport, F. (2009, October 13). (2011) "Quality management and quality standards support to the police: Jewish crime organization as a whole fails to live up to the elements that define organized crime. Sweeten also makes sure to measure various sample populations in order to minimize weaknesses. Wakefield, A., & Fleming, J. She concludes that "the presence of many elaborate perks is a red flag all can see" (p. 46). CONCLUSION, The Asian gangs are becoming dominant in many areas of illegal activities, including drug and human trafficking. FoxNews.com. This study was intended to provide insights into the attitudes and perceptions about crime in the local area. These functions include criminal investigation, apprehension, and prosecution . Paoli, L. (2003). The law of criminal conspiracy. Overview. Whereas tactical crime analysis focuses on offender apprehension, the goal of strategic crime analysis is to reduce crime opportunity. (Canada) Canadian Journal of Criminology. SAGE. RVCRI provides assistance to rural law enforcement agencies seeking to reduce violent crime and address problems associated with violent crime. Many agencies are still not aware of the advantages of an effective crime analysis unit, and others may not have the resources or knowledge to effectively integrate one. As Canada continues to grow and its focus on crime continues to change, it is important to understand the freedom that the media has when it comes to what to cover and how to do it. "Sonny's Blues." According to Sweeten, the purpose of this is to minimize weaknesses and oversampling of disadvantaged youth. Web. The Arizona Republic. (n.d.). Sound crime analysis diagnoses problems so a response may be tailored to cure it, or reduce the frequency and severity of such problems. The current rates of crime for different crime types will be assessed as well as the change in those rates from year to year. The rate and type of crime is skewed more towards the profit-driven types of crime and less to those that are generally associated with "fits of passion," gang behavior, and drug use (especially murder and robbery). The study focused on the 18 to 25-year-old age group as compared to a 50 to 75-year-old age group. eferences 2.7. Sourcebook of Labor. FBI. Retrieved 15 Oct 2007. http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/301/301lect12.htm Privacy Policy, Technology in Crime Analysis Technology Used in, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6104200&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D6104200, http://voices.yahoo.com/ucr-nibrs-vs.-ncvs-analyzing-criminal-data-5755964.html, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-008-9065-1, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2016/crime-in-the-u.s.-2016/tables/table-6/table-6-state-cuts/indiana.xls, https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00150, https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2020-savir.19, Looking Into Technology for Accurate Crime Analysis, http://csitoday.blogspot.com/2011/08/technology-and-crime-analysis.html, http://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/6245_Chapter_7_Boba_Final_PDF_4.pdf, http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-11-06-green-usat_x.htm, http://books.google.com/books?id=GJIvRGUmKMkC&pg=PA9&dq=northern+illinois+university+massacre&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZIU-T4faO-uE0QHC17nSBw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA%20//%20v=onepage&q=northern%20illinois%20university%20massacre&f=false, http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/norway/index.html, http://www.iafei.com/deception-detection/, http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/predators/baseline-killer/1.html, http://www.popcenter.org/library/25%20techniques%20grid.pdf, http://www.popcenter.org/library/reading/PDFs/60steps.pdf, http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:Rv5FYusFZ4gJ:www.iaca.net/ExploringCA/exploringca_chapter1.pdf+importance+of+analysis+of+crime&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=ukFundamentalsof, http://www.umsl.edu/~rkeel/200/ratchoc.html, Analysis of Forensic Sciences in the UK and the USA, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/natural-law-theories/, http://www.thearda.com/Archive/Files/Codebooks/GSS10PAN_CB.asp, http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396607/obo-9780195396607-0050.xml, http://www.sagepub.com/haganintrocrim8e/study/chapter/handbooks/42347_1.2.pdf, http://www.enotes.com/forensic-science/criminology, Policing Policies Analysis This Study Seeks to, http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/Where%20Do%20We%20Go%20From%20Here.%20Researching%20Hate%20Crime.pdf, Classical Theories of Crime vs Modern Theories, http://books.google.com/books?id=PTH_8p6kriIC&pg=RA1-PA55&lpg=RA1-PA55&dq=harmful+result+causation&source=bl&ots=ZFDKqB0Ooj&sig=Wa3lyg1tncsD86Df08kLpctHhns&hl=en#v=onepage&q=harmful%20result%20causation&f=false, http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/law30/criminal/lesson6/6a.html, Analysis of Murderers Alex and Derek King, Crime in America - The Racial and Class Implications, http://ypdcrime.com/penal.law/article135.htm, http://ypdcrime.com/penal.law/article140.htm, http://ypdcrime.com/penal.law/article220.htm, http://vlib.excelsior.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=14236432&site=eds-live, http://vlib.excelsior.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=76405928&site=eds-live, http://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cb/web/product_detail.seam?E=3458242&R=HKS329-PDF-ENG&conversationId=192877, Analysis of Honeynet and Honeypot Emerging Technologies, http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/FDA-2008-D-0406-gdl.pdf, Analysis Knowledge of Employment and Criminal Law Is Important for Security Manager, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/julia-craven/please-stop-telling-me-th_b_6223072.html, http://we-aggregate.org/piece/black-lives-matter, Compare and Contrast the Two Primary Crime Data Sources Used in the United States, https://www.fortworthpd.com/docmgmt/NIBRS_Volume1_Major_Differences.pdf, https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2009/data/table_30.html, http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/youthandthelaw/roots/volume5/chapter04_social_disorganization.aspx, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/07/20/how, http://www.gallup.com/poll/123638/in-u.s.-two-thirds-continue-support-death-penalty.aspx, Community Safety and Crime Reduction An Evaluation, http://www.jrsa.org/ibrrc/background-status/advantages.shtml, http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=brRgAYhyhsoC&pg=PA82&dq=NIBRS+limitations&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0R0MUZePBs7Y4QTogoCQAQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=NIBRS%20limitations&f=false, http://www.issafrica.org/crimehub/uploads/Manual_on_Victimization_surveys_2009_web.pdf, http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=-Z_xfTn1hT8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Research+Methods+for+Criminal+Justice+and+Criminology&hl=en&sa=X&ei=McwOUfO7PLCV0QXx0oDIBg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3153461.stm, http://www.ascld-lab.org/documents/AL-PD-3041.pdf, http://www.cstl.nist.gov/strbase/QAS/Final-FBI-Director-Forensic-Standards.pdf, http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-crime24apr24,1,3582903.story, http://www.lib.msu.edu/harris23/crimjust/orgcrime.htm, http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/sutherland.html, http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume2/j2_2_7.htm.
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